A new study led by a researcher at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that a $1 increase in state and federal minimum wages over the 2002–2020 period was associated with small decrease in the percentage of employers offering health insurance.
The 0.92 percentage-point decrease in employers offering insurance was driven by small firms with fewer than 50 employees and a higher percentage of low-wage workers. The study also found that a $1 dollar increase in minimum wage was linked to a 1.83 percentage-point increase in the prevalence of plans with a deductible requirement, driven by both large and small companies.
The study is thought to be among the first that analyzes how employers’ responses to changes in minimum wage law may differ by employer size or its distribution of employees’ wages.
The findings were published online October 27 in the Journal of Health Economics.
The study also found no evidence that minimum wage increases led to changes in overall rates of insurance coverage, which the researchers say was likely explained by employees enrolling in Medicaid. The study noted that the minimum wage effects were larger after the Affordable Care Act was implemented. Signed into law in 2010, ACA’s regulation of the small-group, employer-sponsored insurance market began in 2014.
“Millions of people in the United States rely on employers for their health insurance, which means that changes to the labor market can impact many people’s access to health insurance,” says Mark Meiselbach, PhD, assistant professor in the Bloomberg School’s Department of Health Policy and Management and the study’s first author. “These findings point to the importance of alternative insurance options for workers with low incomes as minimum wage increases are considered at the state and federal level.”
Meiselbach’s co-author is Jean Abraham, PhD, professor at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health.
Most Americans get their health insurance through their employers. As of 2022, an estimated 178 million people were covered through employer-offered plans. Laws that increase minimum wages are a popular way to improve wages for low-income workers. Knowing how employers respond to increases can help policymakers prepare for possible impacts on the workforce.
In 2022, 30 states and the District of Columbia had minimum wage levels in excess of the federal level of $7.25 per hour; 15 states had minimum wage levels equivalent to the federal level, and five states had no established minimum wage law and were subject to the federal law. In 2022, the highest state minimum wage was Washington state at $14.49 an hour. Washington, D.C.’s minimum wage in 2022 was $16.10.
For their study, the researchers analyzed data from the 2002–2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC), a nationally representative annual survey that collects detailed information on U.S. employers’ health insurance provisions and other workforce characteristics. Their analysis, in addition to examining how changes in state and federal minimum wage laws have affected private-sector employers' health benefits offerings, looked at employee eligibility, benefit design, and out-of-pocket premium requirements. For state minimum wages, the authors used the University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research National Welfare Data, 2002–2020.
The study corroborates previous research suggesting that minimum wage increases tend to result in lower enrollment in employer-sponsored insurance. The researchers suggest in their new study that the observed changes likely result from employer decisions about plan offerings rather than shifts in eligibility or individual enrollment decisions.
The new study highlighted that the most significant reductions in employer-sponsored insurance offerings were concentrated among small employers with fewer than 50 employees and a higher percentage of low-wage workers, aligning with previous research that demonstrates employer price sensitivity in insurance offerings. The research reveals that, aside from deductible changes, there was little evidence to suggest that minimum wage laws significantly influenced other dimensions of benefit design.
The researchers also explored potential differing effects of minimum wage increases of different sizes, finding that both large and small increases were linked to decreases in employer health insurance offerings. The analysis found that these effects appeared to increase over time, particularly beyond the third year following a state's introduction of a minimum wage increase.
“For better or for worse, we've linked health insurance to employment. If a state is passing a minimum wage increase or if a federal minimum wage increase is being considered, making sure that there are good, affordable options for people outside of their employers is critically important in this context,” says Meiselbach.“Policymakers should pay attention to the decline in employer-sponsored insurance coverage among small employers, as it may have future consequences.”
Employers have several options to reimburse employees’ medical expenses, including Qualified Small Employer Health Reimbursement Arrangements and Individual Coverage Health Reimbursement Arrangements. These programs were part of the 2016 21st Century Cures Act. The researchers say the programs can play a role in mitigating potential gaps in coverage, as can expanding Medicaid and subsidies for purchasing health insurance on the individual market.
“Do minimum wage laws affect employer-sponsored insurance provision?” was written by Mark K. Meiselbach and Jean M. Abraham.
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Media contacts: Lindsey Culli lculli1@jh.edu and Kris Henry khenry39@jhu.edu
